Estimation Study of New Cancer Cases and Deaths in Wuwei, Hexi Corridor Region, China, 2018 / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Population-based cancer registration data were collected to estimate the cancer incidence and mortality in Wuwei, Hexi Corridor Region, China in 2018. We used the 2011-2013 data to predict the number of new cases and deaths in 2018 and the 2003-2013 data to analyze trends in cancer incidence and mortality. The goal is to enable cancer prevention and control directions. Our results indicated that stomach cancer is the most common cancer. For all cancers combined, the incidence and mortality rates showed significantly increasing trends (+2.63% per year; P < 0.05 and +1.9% per year; P < 0.05). This study revealed a significant cancer burden among the population of this area. Cancer screening and prevention should be performed after an epidemiological study of the cause of the cancer is completed.

Immunogenicity and safety of DTaP-IPV//PRP-T combined vaccine in infants in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective The aim of this study was to demonstrate the immunogenicity and safety of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular, component) , poliomyelitis (inactivated) vaccine (adsorbed) and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (DTaP-IPV//PRP-T) combined vaccine compared with commercially available DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), tetanus conjugate and IPV monovalent vaccine. Methods Subjects were randomly divided into three groups, Group A and Group B were DTaP-IPV//PRP-T combined vaccine (PENTAXIMTM) vaccinated at 2,3,4 months of age or 3,4, 5 months of age respectively; Group C was commercially available DTaP. Hib tetanus conjugate (Act-HIBTM) and IPV (IMOVAX PolioTM) vaccines vaccinated at 3,4, 5 months of age. All groups received booster dose at 18 to 20 months of age, with antibody titers tested. Non-inferiority analysis was demonstrated in terms of seroprotection / seroconversion rates between Group A, Group B respectively and Group C. Safety information was collected after each vaccination to assess the safety of investigational vaccines. Results The non-inferiority of DTaP-IPV//PRP-T combined vaccine vaccinated at 2,3,4 or 3,4, 5 months of age versus DTaP, Hib tetanus conjugate and IPV vaccine was demonstrated for all vaccine antigens in both primary and booster phases in terms of seroprotection/seroconversion rates. DTaP-IPV//PRP-T combined vaccine was well tolerated. The rate of solicited/unsoliciated severe adverse reactions was very low and similar to the control vaccines. Conclusion DTaP-IPV//PRP-T combined vaccine was highly immunogenic with good safety profile in Chinese infants, which was comparable to the commercially available control vaccines.

Effectiveness of inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine for primary vaccination / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the immunological effectiveness of inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV) for children's primary vaccination in China and to compare with the oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV) used in routine vaccination.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The 2-month-old children were randomly immunized with IPV and OPV, with 208 subjects in each group. The pre- and post-vaccination blood samples were collected. Micro-neutralization method was used to measure the antibody response against 3 types of polioviruses. chi2 test was used to evaluate the statistical difference of protection rates between two groups, while the antibody titers were transformed by logarithm and analyzed by Z-test. P < 0.05 was always used to define the significance of analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After 3 doses of immunization, the protection rates in IPV group reached to 100.0% (186/186), 97.3% (181/186), 98.9% (184/186) for poliovirus type 1, 2, 3, respectively, and in OPV group were 97.4% (188/193), 100.0% (193/193), 95.3% (184/193), respectively. The geometry mean titers (GMTs) were 151.2, 86.7, 211.3 for IPV group; and 1089.5, 538.2, 203.7 for OPV group. IPV showed comparable protection rates with OPV for type 1 and 2 (chi2(I) = 2.991, P = 0.084; chi2(II) = 3.512, P = 0.061), while type 3 was higher than OPV (chi2(III) = 4.143, P = 0.042). The GMT of type 1 and 2 in IPV group were lower than OPV group (Z(I) = 12.537, P = 0.000; Z(II) = 13.415, P = 0.000), while the GMT of type 3 were comparable in two groups (Z(III) = 0.067, P = 0.947).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>IPV showed roughly comparable immunological effectiveness in young children. The protection rates for type 1 and 2 were similar to OPV, while type 3 was higher than in OPV group; In terms of GMT,type 1 and 2 in IPV group were lower than OPV, but type 3 were comparable to OPV group.</p>

Study on the safety and immunogenicity of MF59-adjuvanted influenza subunit vaccine in Chinese elderly / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To compare the safety and immunogenicity between a MF59-adjuvanted influenza subunit vaccine and a conventional non-adjuvanted influenza subunit vaccine.Methods A randomized, blind-designed controlled study was carried out, with 600 subjects (≥60 years of age)received MF59-adjuvanted influenza subunit vaccine (FLUAD(R), n=400) or conventional non-adjuvanted influenza subunit vaccine (Agrippal(R), n = 200) respectively. The local and systemic reactions were observed on 0-7 days after vaccination. Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers of pre-and post-vaccination were detected by the HI assay. Seroconversion (4-fold increase) rate of subjects was calculated using baseline data when it was under naive level, and the protection rate when HI titer achieving the level of protection(≥1:40) after vaccination.Geometric mean titer(GMT) and its increasing folds were calculated.Differences between safety and immunogenicity were also calculated. Results The local and systemic reaction rates were similar between both groups, but the duration in injection site was frequent for Agrippal(R)(P＜0.05), while mild pain and fever in injection site were frequent for FLUAD(R). On immunogenicity test, for those subjects whose baseline was under naive level while the seroconversion rate against A/H3N2 viral strain after vaccination - FLUAD(R) was significantly higher than Agrippal(R) (P＜0. 001). Aside from A/H1N1 viral strain, the rate of protection on both groups were significantly higher than those from baseline data, but for A/H3N2 viral strain, FLUAD(R) was significantly higher than Agrippal(R) (P＜0. 001 ). GMT was higher than baseline (P＜0. 001 ) after both groups being vaccinated but FLUAD(R) group was significantly higher than Agrippal(R) group. Conclusion FLUAD(R) was well tolerated by Chinese elderly and its immunogenicity level induced by FLUAD(R) was higher than that of Agrippal(R), showing that it would benefit the elderly with hypoimmunity.

Dynamic study on the anti-HBs level of immunized children born to HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative mothers in hyperendemic area of hepatitis B / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the dynamic changes of the anti-HBs level among immunized newborn infants born to HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative mothers in hyper-endemic area of Hepatitis B.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Infants who were regularly vaccinated with Hepatitis B vaccine and tested to be anti-HBs positive were divided into two groups according to HBsAg-positive or negative mothers in Long-an, Guangxi. Each subject was followed up 3 times during age 5 to 8. SPRIA was used to test HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc. Results During the follow-up period, positive rates of anti-HBs in children born to HBsAg-positive mothers ranged between 52.00% and 78.00%, and those with HBsAg-negative mothers was between 43.84% and 54.74%. GMT in two groups was between 55.36 mIU/ml and 95.66 mIU/ml as well as between 39.90 mIU/ml and 65.47 mIU/ml, respectively. There was no statistical significance in both positive rates and GMT between age groups. The anti-HBs level in the follow-up period of children born to HBsAg-positive mothers was higher than that of those born to HBsAg-negative mothers in the same age group. In the age group of 6-8 years with HBsAg-negative mothers, the positive rates in the follow-up period of children with high anti-HBs titers in the primary vaccination were 2.29-2.84 times of those with low titers. The anti-HBs titer of children in a follow-up period was lower than that in the primary vaccination, no matter whether they were born to HBsAg-positive mothers. However, the decline rate of children born to HBsAg-negative mothers was significantly higher than those born to HBsAg-positive mothers (84.91% vs. 61.54%; chi2 = 28.7982, P = 0.000). The incidence rate (25.64%) of a 4-fold increase in antibody titers of children born to HBsAg-positive mothers was significantly higher than that of children born to HBsAg-negative mothers (7.37%) from the primary vaccination to the follow-up period (chi2 = 6.7661, P = 0.009) with was 3.5 times of the latter. Subjects with HBsAg seroconvertion were those with low anti-HBs titers in primary vaccination.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The anti-HBs level decreased slowly in successfully immunized children from age 5 to 8. The chance of natural booster yielded by natural infection increased in immunized children born to HBsAg-positive mothers. The anti-HBs level in the primary vaccination played an important role in prevention of seroconversion of HBsAg.</p>

Establishment and preliminary application of a gene chip for detection of hepatitis B virus "a" determinant hotpoint mutation / 中华肝脏病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To develop a gene chip for rapid detection of the "a" determinant hotpoint mutation of hepatitis B virus (HBV).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Primers were designed in the HBV conservative region, and probes for detecting 126A, 126S, 144A, 145R, 145E, 144A+145R, and 144A+145E mutants were developed for that gene chip. PCR amplification and gene chip technology were optimized. The performance of the gene chip was evaluated by detecting the reference plasmids. Forty five samples of serum obtained from patients with chronic hepatitis B were used to compare the sensitivity of the gene chip and the direct sequencing of PCR products.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The oligonucleotide microarray was specific for mutant and native plasmids. The sensitivity of the gene chip was 5 x 10(3)copies/micro l with a high reproducibility. The gene chip could detect minor variants when they were more than 10% among the HBV strains. The positive rates of 126A, 126S-1, 126S-2 detected in the 45 specimens by the gene chip (46.67%, 35.56% and 24.44%, respectively) were higher than those detected by direct sequencing of PCR products (9.00%, 4.44% and 2.22%; P=0.000, P=0.000 and P=0.002, respectively). The sequencing of cloned PCR products demonstrated that the gene chip was specific for the "a" determinant hotpoint mutation detection.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HBV "a" determinant hotpoint mutations can be detected by oligonucleotide microarray with high sensitivity and specificity, providing a method for large scale screening of the mutants.</p>

Study on the safety and immunogenicity of group A + C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>In order to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of group A + C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine, a controlled field trial was performed among children at 6-24 months and 5-13 years old in Longsheng county, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>More than 600 children were selected in this trial. 428 children, aged 6-24 month-old and 5-13 year-old were involved in two experimental groups and were inoculated 100 microg of group A + C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine. 103 children in positive control group were inoculated 50 microg of group A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine while 94 children in negative control group were inoculated 30 microg of Typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccine. Both systemic and local reactions were observed in each group at 6 h,24 h,48 h and 72 h after inoculation. Blood samples were collected in all children before and at 1 month after inoculation. Additionally, at least 50 blood samples were taken in each experimental group at 6 and 12 months after inoculation. Serum bactericidal antibody was tested by micro bactericidal test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Both systemic and local reactions were mild in two experimental groups with only 3 children (0.7%) had > or = 37. 6 degrees C fever, 4 children (0.9%) appeared mild areola but all adverse reaction disappeared within 48 hours. In 5-13 year-old experimental group, the rates for four-fold increase of bactericidal antibody were 96.59% and 92.15% to group A and group C meningococcus respectively at 1 month after inoculation, and remained 90.91% and 90.08% at 12 months after inoculation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Group A + C meningococal polysaccharide vaccine was safe and having good immunogenicity among Chinese children.</p>

Study on the variations of hepatitis B virus status among people having received hepatitis B vaccine / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the epidemiological pattern and trends of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the area where people had been immunized by HBV vaccine for long time.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Through cluster sampling and cross-sectional study, relative information and blood samples from people in Long-an county by families were collected. Signals of HBV infection were tested by solid-phase reverse immunosorbent test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The average HBsAg positive rate was 7.5% with anti-HBs as 44.5 %, and anti-HBc as 47.8%. The positive rates of HBsAg and anti-HBc among 0-19 year-olds were lower than those of > or = 20 year-olds. (2) The positive rates of HBsAg, anti-HBc and HBV infection among HBV vaccine immunized group were 2.8%, 12.0% and 12.5% respectively, comparing with which among the un-immunized group as 10.2%, 69.8% and 71.2% respectively. (3) The HBsAg positive rate of male was higher than the female's but with no significant difference of anti-HBs and anti-HBc between different sexes. (4) The average HBsAg positive rate of 0-19 years old group was only 2.4%, while that of 20-30 years old group was 13.6%-17.7% and dropped from 60 years old group and on. The anti-HBs positive rate of 0-19 years old people started to drop significantly by age. The anti-HBs and anti-HBc positive rates of > or = 20 years people were showing a rising trend by ages.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It seemed obviously that the HBV epidemiological patterns had changed after HBV vaccine had been universally used for long time in newborns. The age peak of infection had been pushed backward for nearly 20 years. It had been proved that the HBV vaccine immunization program had obtained excellent efficacy.</p>

Studies on the status of immune memory after completion of hepatitis B vaccination / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the immune memory in vaccinees after the completion of a full schedule hepatitis B immunization.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One thousand and two hundred one infants born in 1987 -1989 were immunized with 3 doses of plasma derived hepatitis B vaccine, while 2484 newborn babies during 1996-1999 were injected with 3 doses of the yeast recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. All of the infants under observation were tested for HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc, in 2005. Of 959 individuals negative for anti-HBs (< 10 mIU/ml), HBsAg and anti-HBc, 228 were immunized with plasma-derived vaccine and 731 with yeast recombinant vaccine after birth. All of them were detected for anti-HBs 15 days after a booster of 10 Ipg yeast recombinant vaccine. In addition, interleukin-2 (IL-2) was detected in 11 non-responders and 22 responders after boostering, using an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT). The anti-HBs levels of 190 individuals (91 with plasma derived vaccine and 99 with yeast recombinant vaccine) who had had quantitative data on their antibody status after the primary hepatitis B vaccination, were compared with that after the boostering.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the individuals who received plasma derived vaccine 16-18 years ago, 79.82% of them showed the signs of immune memory after one booster, with a geometric mean titer (GMT)of 325.69 mIU/ml. Of the individuals who received the yeast recombinant vaccine 6-9 years ago, 95.62% showed immune memory after one booster,with its GMT of 745.18 mIU/ml. Anti-HBs levels induced by the booster were associated with that after the primary immunization. The positive rate of IL-2 was 40.91% in subjects with good immune memory. However, IL-2 was not detected in non-responders after the booster (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Most of the individuals who had received a completed schedule of primary hepatitis B vaccination and seroconverted from anti-HBs positive to negative,showed the signs of having immune memory after the booster. Only a small proportion of the vaccinees had lost their immune memory during the long term follow-up period, suggesting that these individuals should receive a booster of hepatitis B vaccine in the highly endemic areas of hepatitis B. Hepatitis B virus; Immune memory; Booster immunization</p>

Interruption failure of heptitis B virus vaccination in mother-to-infant transmission and heptitis B virus genotypes and preC/BCP mutations / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the association of heptitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and precore(PreC)/basal core promoter(BCP) mutation with interruption failure of HBV vaccination in mother-to-infant transmission.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total number of 208 serum samples were collected from infants and mothers,including 16 infants who had become HBsAg-positive despite a complete and timely course of immunization and another 88 infants successfully protected from mother-to infant HBV transmission. HBV genotypes were determined by type-specific primers PCR method. PreC/BCP mutations were detected by direct sequencing of PCR products, and Clustal W 1.8 software was applied to analyzing the sequences.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of 16 mothers who were having vaccine failure infants, 15 (93.8%) were HBeAg positive and infected with genotype C (15/15, 100%). Among 88 mothers of having children being protected by vaccine, 51 (58.0%) were HBeAg positive, with 45.1% (23/51) of genotype C. The proportion of genotype C in HBeAg mothers of infants with vaccine failure, was significantly higher than that of mothers with vaccine protected infants (chi2 = 14.3, P = 0.003). However, the frequencies of T1762/A1764 mutations had no significant differences between genotype C HBeAg positive mothers with vaccine failure or protected infants (33.3% and 13.3%, respectively, P = 0.4). No A1896 mutation was found in these two groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HBV genotype C might contribute to the immune failure of HBV vaccination in mother-to-infant transmission, while PreC/BCP mutation might not have correlation with it.</p>

Role of mutations on the "hepatitis B virus 'a' determinant hotpoint" to the efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study how hepatitis B virus(HBV) 'a' determinant hotpoint mutations were influecing the hepatitis B vaccine efficacy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Primers were designed in HBV conservative region, and the degenerate probes for detecting 16 'a' determinant hotpoint mutations were developed for gene chips. Sensitivity and specificity of the gene chips were evaluated by clone sequencing. Sera of 47 pairs of mothers and infants with immune failure and 323 mothers of children with immune protection of HB vaccine were detected by the gene chips.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Result from clone sequencing demonstrated that the gene chips were specific for the detection of 'a' determinant hotpoint mutations. The wild type of HBV was still dominant, with the prevalence of 78.66%, and the mutation frequencies of 126A, 145R, 126S-1, 126S-2, 129H, 144A, and 129R were 11.27%, 5.76%, 5.28%, 4.56%, 1.20%, 0.72% and 0.24%, respectively. The prevalence of 126A mutation was significantly higher than that of other mutations(P < 0.01). No significant differences were found in mother-infant transmission rates of 126A, 126S-1, 126S-2 and 145R variants.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The currently available hepatitis B vaccine could block mother-infant transmission of 126A, 126S and 145R variants. It appears that there is no need to develop a new hepatitis B vaccine against 126 and 145 variants at present, but the consistent epidemiological surveillance on HBV mutants should be carried out.</p>

Variations of hepatitis B virus infection epidemic pattern after long-term HBV vaccine immunization / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the epidemic pattern and trend of HBV infection in the area where the people had been immunized by HBV vaccine for 20 years.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The whole sampling method was applied in combination with cross-sectional investigation. Blood samples were taken from every member of families. Markers of HBV infection were determined by using solid-phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The average HBsAg positive rate was 7.5%. The positive rate of markers for HBV infection of 0-19 years old subjects were lower than those of > or = 20 years old subjects. (2) The positive rate of HBsAg of 0-19 years old subjects in 1985 was higher than that in 2005. The anti-HBs positive rate in 1985 stemmed to be higher with age. It was 12.4% in 1- age group to 53.8% in >60 years age group. While the result of 2005 showed that the anti-HBs positive rate of 0-19 years old subjects dropped with age. The anti-HBc positive rate in 1985 also tended to be higher with age. But the result of 2005 showed that the rate of 0-19 years old subjects was just 1.4% to 16.8%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The epidemic patterns of HBV infection have had significant variations in the target population. HBV vaccine immunization has obtained excellent efficacy.</p>

Efficacy of hepatitis B vaccination on hepatitis B prevention and on hepatocellular carcinoma / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the efficacy of hepatitis B vaccination on hepatitis B prevention and on hepatocellular carcinoma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Birth cohort study, cross-sectional seroepidemiological survey, and surveillance of hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatocellular carcinoma were used to evaluate the efficacy of hepatitis B vaccination.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During the 14 years after hepatitis B vaccination, the HBsAg positive rates were found to be 0.7% - 2.9%, with an average of 1.5%, and the protective rates were 83.5% - 96.6%. Hepatitis B virus infection rates of children immunized with hepatitis B vaccine were 1.1% - 5.1%, with an average of 2.2% and the protective rates of 93.5% - 98.4%. 15 years after hepatitis B vaccination, the incidence of hepatitis B dropped from 3.27/10 000 to 0.17/10 000, a 94.8% decrease, in the group of 0 - 19 year-olds.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The universal infant hepatitis B vaccination has proved to be effective in reducing the incidence rate of acute hepatitis B as well as the mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma.</p>

Core promoter mutations of HBV isolated from patients with chronic hepatitis B in Guangxi / 中华肝脏病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationship between HBV core promoter mutations and liver damage or HBeAg status.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) was used for amplification of HBV DNA core promoter in 59 sera from patients with chronic hepatitis B in Guangxi, then the HBV DNA positive products were sequenced by direct sequencing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The HBV DNA positive rate of was 59.3%(35/59). All the patients were infected by mutants. The commonest mutation was the double mutation (A --> T at nt1762 and G --> A at nt1764), counting for 57.1% (20/35). The next was C --> G at nt1799, counting for 54.4% (19/35), but this was no function. A --> G at nt1752 (resulting in isoleucine to valine) was seen in 37.1% (13/35) of the HBV DNA positive patients, and T --> C at nt1753 was seen in 20% (7/35). The significant difference in the frequency of T1762A1764 mutant was found between HBeAg positive patients (31.3%) and negative patients (79.0%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>HBV core promoter mutations are common among patients with chronic hepatitis B in Guangxi. T1762A1764 mutant is associated with HBeAg status and chronic hepatitis.</p>

Long-term efficacy of infant hepatitis B immunization program / 中华肝脏病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the long-term efficacy of infant hepatitis B (HB) immunization program on preventing hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and to assess its impact on the incidence of HB in children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Since 1986, the universal HB vaccination for newborn babies with standard, pediatric dose had been launched without serologic prescreening of pregnant women for HBsAg, in a high endemic county of Long-An. A hepatitis surveillance system was set up to evaluate the possible impact on the incidence of hepatitis B. To serologically evaluate the effectiveness of the program, a stratified random sampling of 1000 children in 1987 birth cohorts, who received plasma-derived HB vaccine, was recruited for long-term follow up at the age of 1 to 13 years. A cross-sectional seroepidemiological survey was conducted in the county in 1985, before the program, and in 2001, for 1551 children born in 1996-2000 who were administered yeast recombinant HB vaccine.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During the 1 to 13 years after the program, the rates of HBsAg-positive were 0.7% to 2.9% with an average of 1.7% and the protective rates were 83.5% to 96.6%. HBV infection rates were 1.1% tp 5.1% with an average of 2.4% and the protective rates were 93.5% to 98.4%. For the population aged 1 to 4 years who were immunized with recombinant HB vaccine, HBsAg positive rates were 1.8% to 2.4% with an average of 2.0% and the protective rates were 78.4 to 85.2%. 14 years after the program, the cumulative incidence of acute hepatitis B in the children aged 1 to 14 years fell to 1.5 cases per 100,000 children, down 91.8% as compared with that in 1985 to 1987. However, the cumulative incidence of 14.4 cases per 100,000 population in unvaccinated children was not significantly different from that in the history controls. Acute hepatitis B children had not been reported, showing that the vaccination program was 100% protective in children.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The universal infant HB vaccination program in a hyperendemic area has proved to be effective in controlling HBV infection and decreasing the incidence of acute hepatitis B in children. Booster dose is unnecessary in 13 years after the immunization. The protective efficacy of yeast recombinant HB vaccine is similar to that of plasma-derived HB vaccine.</p>

Prevalence of hepatitis B virus core promoter mutant isolated from asymptomatic carriers from areas with higher and lower incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in Guangxi / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the prevalence of HBV core promoter mutant (T1762 A1764 mutant) isolated from asymptomatic carriers from areas with higher and lower incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Guangxi.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) was used for amplification of HBV DNA core promoter in sera, and then HBV DNA nPCR products were sequenced by direct sequencing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The results show that 50.6% (39/77) of all HBV asymptomatic carriers were positive for HBV DNA HBV DNA positive rates of the samples from HCC higher incidence area, Longan County, and from lower incidence area, Guilin city were 55.6% (20/36) and 46.3% (19/41), respectively. HBV core promoter mutants could be seen in 35% in Longan positive samples and 47.4% in Guilin. The common mutations in both regions were all double mutations (nt 1,762 A-->T; nt 1,764 G-->A), accounting for 25% and 21%, respectively. The difference of the double mutant between Longan County and Guilin city was not significant (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>These data implicated that the prevalence of HBV core promoter mutant isolated from asymptomatic carriers may not be correlated with the incidence of HCC in Guangxi.</p>